Sustained mTOR inhibition with sirolimus improves respiratory outcomes in LAM patients with COVID-19 (preprint)

Background Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare lung disease that predominantly affects women and can lead to severe respiratory complications. The impact of COVID-19 on LAM patients, particularly regarding the use of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, remains poorly understood. This study investigates the clinical outcomes of LAM patients with COVID-19 and evaluates the role of sustained mTOR inhibition in respiratory outcomes.Results Our cohort included 186 LAM patients with COVID-19. Prior to infection, 72.6% were on mTOR inhibitors, with 29.6% discontinuing therapy due to infection. The hospitalization rate was 1.1%, with no reported need for invasive ventilation or fatalities. Patients with FEV1 less than 70% predicted had a higher risk of dyspnea exacerbation and supplemental oxygen requirement. Continuation of mTOR inhibitor therapy was associated with a lower risk of SpO2 decline, especially among patients with impaired lung function. Vaccination status did not significantly affect the prognosis.Conclusions LAM patients with COVID-19 showed a low rate of severe illness and mortality, with impaired lung function correlating with worse respiratory outcomes. Continued mTOR inhibitor therapy during COVID-19 infection may improve respiratory outcomes, suggesting the importance of maintaining treatment during viral pandemics.

Modeling Health Video Consumption Behaviors on Social Media: Activities, Challenges, and Characteristics (preprint)

Many people now watch health videos, such as diet, exercise, mental health, COVID-19, and chronic disease videos, on social media. Most existing studies focused on video creators, leaving the motivations and practices of viewers underexplored. We interviewed 18 participants, surveyed 121 respondents, and derived a model characterizing consumers' video consumption practices on social media. The practices include five main activities: deciding to watch videos driven by various motivations, accessing videos on social media through a socio-technical ecosystem, watching videos to meet informational, emotional, and entertainment needs, evaluating the credibility and interestingness of videos, and using videos to achieve health goals. Through an iterative video consumption process, individuals strategically navigate across multiple platforms, seeking better accessibility, higher reliability, and cultivating a stronger motivation. They actively look for longer and more in-depth videos. We further identified challenges consumers face while consuming health videos on social media and discussed design implications and directions for future research.

Improving mRNA vaccine safety and efficiency with cationized lipid nanoparticle formula (preprint)

The widespread use of Covid-19 mRNA vaccines has highlighted the need to address rare but concerning side effects. Systemic off-target gene expression has been identified as a primary cause of acute adverse reactions and side effects associated with nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccines. In this study, we incorporated the permanent cationic lipid Dotap component into the mRNA-LNP formula associated with the FDA-approved mRNA vaccine Comirnaty to create a novel positively charged LNP carrier for mRNA vaccine delivery. Using the optimized LNP formula to prepare SARS-Cov-2 Spike mRNA vaccines for immunogenicity testing, Balb/c mice exhibited improved immunogenicity kinetics with initial antibody titers being lower but showing a continuous upward trend, ultimately reaching levels comparable to those of control mRNA vaccines 8 weeks after boost immunization. The mRNA vaccines encapsulated in the modified LNPs have demonstrated a superior safety profile in respect to systemic delivery of LNP constituents, off-target gene expression, and the systemic pro-inflammatory stimulation. Consequently, it may represent a safer alternative of conventional mRNA-LNP vaccines.

Human exposure risk assessment for infectious diseases due to temperature and air pollution: an overview of reviews (preprint)

Air pollution and global temperature change are expected to affect infectious diseases. Yet to date overview of systematic reviews assessing the exposure risk of air pollutants and temperature on infectious diseases is unavailable. PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature were searched. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses investigated the exposure risk of pollutants or temperature on infectious diseases were included. Two investigators screened literature, extracted data and performed the risk of bias assessments independently. A total of 23 articles met the inclusion criteria, which 3 (13%) were "low" quality and 20 (87%) were "critically low" quality. COVID-19 morbidity was associated with long-term exposure PM2.5 (RR = 1.056 per 1μg/m  3, 95% CI: 1.039-1.072) and NO2 (RR = 1.042 per 1 μg/m 3, 95% CI: 1.017-1.068). In addition, for each 1°C increase in temperature, the risk of dengue fever morbidity increased 13% (RR = 1.130 per 1°C, 95% CI: 1.120-1.150), infectious diarrhea morbidity increased 8% (RR =1.080 per 1°C, 95% CI: 1.050-1.200), and hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) morbidity increased 5% (RR = 1.050 per 1 °C, 95% CI: 1.020-1.080). In conclusion, PM2.5 and NO2 increased the risk of COVID-19 and temperatures were associated with dengue, infectious diarrhoea and HFMD morbidity. Moreover, the exposure risk of temperature on COVID-19 need to be further explored. 

Antiviral effects of Atractyloside A on the influenza B virus (Victoria strain) infection

Influenza viruses pose a serious threat to human health, infecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide each year, resulting in a significant increase in global morbidity and mortality. Influenza activity has declined at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, but the genetic diversity of B/Victoria lineage viruses has increased significantly during this period. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of the influenza B Victoria strain virus should continue to attract research attention. In this study, we found that Atractyloside A (AA), one of the effective components in Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC shows potential antiviral properties. This study shows that AA not only possesses anti-influenza B virus infection effects in vivo and in vitro but also can regulate macrophage polarization to the M2 type, which can effectively attenuate the damage caused by influenza B virus infection. Therefore, Atractyloside A may be an effective natural drug against B/Victoria influenza infection.

Safety and Efficacy of Oral administrated Cepharathine in Non-hospitalized, asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 patients: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial (preprint)

Cepharanthine (CEP) is a natural remedy that potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 activity both in vitro and in vivo. We conducted a proof-of-concept, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial among adults with asymptomatic or mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Patients were stratified randomly to de novo infection or viral rebound, and assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive 60 mg/day or 120 mg/day of CEP or placebo. Primary outcome the time from randomization to negative nasopharyngeal swab, and safety were evaluated. A total of 262 de novo infected and 124 viral rebound patients underwent randomization. In the 188 de novo patients included in modified intention-to-treat (mITT) population, when compared with placebo, 60 mg/day CEP slightly shortened the time to negative (difference=-0.77 days, hazard ratio (HR)=1.40, 95% CI 0.97 to 2.01, p=0.072), and 120 mg/day CEP did not show the trend. Among de novo patients in the per-protocol set (PPS), 60 mg/day CEP significantly shortened the time to negative (difference=-0.87 days, HR=1.56, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.37, p=0.035). Among viral rebound patients in the mITT population, neither 120 mg/day nor 60 mg/day CEP significantly shortened the time to negative compared to placebo. Adverse events were not different among the three groups, and no serious adverse events occurred. Treatment of asymptomatic or mild Covid-19 with 120 mg/day or 60 mg/day CEP did not shorten the time to negative compared with placebo, without evident safety concerns. Among de novo infected patients with good compliance, 60 mg/day CEP significantly shortened the time to negative compared with placebo ( NCT05398705 ).

Electrocardiogram abnormalities and higher body mass index as clinically applicable factors for predicting poor outcome in patients with coronavirus disease 2019

Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have high resource utilization. Identifying the causes of severe COVID-19 is helpful for early intervention to reduce the consumption of medical resources. We included 103 patients with COVID-19 in this single-center observational study. To evaluate the incidence, predictors, and effects of COVID-19, we analyzed demographic information, laboratory results, comorbidities, and vital signs as factors for association with severe COVID-19. The incidence of severe COVID-19 was 16.5% and the percent poor outcome (including mortality, entering in ICU or transferred to a superior hospital) was 6.8%. The majority of severe COVID-19 patients had abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG) (82.35%), hypertension (76.47%) and other cardiac diseases (58.82%). Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the predictors of severe illness. Abnormal body mass index (BMI) and ECG (P < 0.05) were independent predictors of severe COVID-19. ECG abnormality was associated with increased odds of poor outcome (area under the receiver operating characteristic curves [AUC], 0.793;P = 0.010) and severe COVID-19 (AUC, 0.807;P < 0.0001). Overweight was also associated with increased odds of poor outcome (AUC, 0.728;P = 0.045) and severe illness COVID-19 (AUC, 0.816;P < 0.0001). Overweight and electrophysiological disorders on admission are important predictors of prognosis of patients with COVID-19. [ FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid Genotyping of SARS-CoV-2 Strains Alpha, Delta, Omicron BA.1, Omicron BA.2, Omicron BA.2.12.1, and Omicron BA.4/BA.5 Using ARMS- PCR and Molecular Beacon Technology (preprint)

Background SARS-CoV-2 subtypes Alpha, Delta, Omicron BA.1, Omicron BA.2, Omicron BA.2.12.1, and Omicron BA.4/BA.5 have significant differences in transmission and immune escape ability. Currently, no effective detection methods are available for these subtypes. Routine detection methods are prone to missed detection.Methods In this study, a rapid detection method based on ARMS-PCR and molecular beacon probes was developed for the identification of SARS-CoV-2 subtypes Alpha, Delta, Omicron BA.1, Omicron BA.2, Omicron BA.2.12.1, and Omicron BA.4/5. Specific primers and probes were designed and validated using gel electrophoresis, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, and molecular hybridization.Results ARMS-PCR and molecular beacon probe-based assays can be applied in RT-PCR and fluorescence assays to differentiate SARS-CoV-2 subtypes Alpha, Delta, Omicron BA.1, Omicron BA.2, Omicron BA.2.12.1, and Omicron BA.4/5.Conclusions In the present study, we developed a simple, rapid and accurate detection method based on ARMS-PCR and molecular beacon probes for rapid genotyping of SARS-CoV-2 subtypes Alpha, Delta, Omicron BA.1, Omicron BA.2, Omicron BA.2.12.1, and Omicron BA.4/5. It can be used in real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and molecular hybridization to identify subtypes of COVID-19, effectively improving the detection rate to provide guidance for disease prevention and treatment.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Anxious and Depressive Symptoms in First-trimester Females and Their Partners: a study in the post-pandemic era of COVID-19 in China (preprint)

Background: The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 lastingly affects public mental health. Many studies have described symptoms of anxiety and depression in pregnant women during the pandemic. However, limited study focuses on the prevalence and risk factors of mood symptoms among females and their partners during early pregnancy in the post-pandemic era in China, which was the aim of the study and could promote clinical attention and suggest possible directions for intervention. Methods: One hundred and sixty-nine first-trimester couples were enrolled. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item, Family Assessment Device-General Functioning (FAD-GF), and Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire, Short Form (Q-LES-Q-SF) were applied. Data were mainly analyzed through the binominal logistic regression analysis. Results: 17.8% and 5.9% of first-trimester females had depressive and anxious symptoms, respectively. Among partners, 12.4% and 9.5% had depressive and anxious symptoms, respectively. In females, higher scores of FAD-GF (OR= 5.461 and 14.759; P< 0.05) and lower scores of Q-LES-Q-SF (OR= 0.830 and 0.715; P< 0.01) were related to the risk of depressive and anxious symptoms. A history of smoking and higher scores of FAD-GF were associated with the risk of depressive and anxious symptoms in partners (OR = 4.906 and 6.885; P< 0.05). Conclusions: This study prompted still prominent mood symptoms in the post-pandemic era. Family functioning, quality of life, or a smoking history increased risks of mood symptoms among early pregnant families, which might facilitate the updating of medical intervention. However, the current study did not further explore interventions based on these findings.

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 140 patients with Delta COVID-19 in Gansu Province

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the differences of clinical characteristics, laboratory tests and imaging examinations in patients with Novel Coronavirus(SARS-COV-2)Delta variant infection in Gansu province, so as to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of SARS-COV-2. METHODS: The medical records, laboratory tests and imaging studies of 140 patients with SARS-COV-2 Delta variant infection admitted to Yantan Branch and Zhangye Second Hospital of Lanzhou Second People's Hospital from Oct. to Dec. 2021 in Gansu province were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 140 infected patients, 65 were males and 75 were females. The oldest was 87 years old, and the youngest was 1 year and 8 months, with an average age of(42.65+or-20.87) years old. Twenty percent of confirmed patients had fever. The mean duration of positive nucleic acid was 19.74 days. There were significant differences in the expression levels of serum amyloid A(SAA), interleukin-6(IL-6), C-reactive protein(CRP), basophil granulocytes(BAS) and lymphocyte(LYM) in patients with different types. Pulmonary lesions were found in 101 patients(72.14%) by imaging, and the proportion of abnormal lung imaging in mild, ordinary and severe patients accounted for 55.81%, 73.13% and 100% respectively. CONCLUSION: The majority of patients with COVID-19 Delta infection in Gansu province were mild and ordinary type. There were fewer fever patients. The main clinical manifestations were cough, expectoration and pharyngeal discomfort. Severe and critically ill patients are older and have more underlying diseases.

Post-traumatic growth trajectories among frontline healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A three-wave follow-up study in mainland China.

Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has taken a significant toll on people worldwide for more than 2 years. Previous studies have highlighted the negative effects of COVID-19 on the mental health of healthcare workers (HCWs) more than the positive changes, such as post-traumatic growth (PTG). Furthermore, most previous studies were cross-sectional surveys without follow-ups. This study draws on PTG follow-up during the COVID-19 outbreak at 12-month intervals for 2 years since 2020. The trajectories and baseline predictors were described. Methods: A convenience sampling method was used to recruit frontline nurses or doctors at the COVID-19-designated hospital who were eligible for this study. A total of 565 HCWs completed the 2 years follow-up and were used for final data analysis. The latent growth mixture models (GMM) was used to identify subgroups of participants with different PTG trajectories. Multinomial logistic regression model was used to find predictors among sociodemographic characteristics and resilience at baseline. Results: Four trajectory PTG types among HCWs were identified: 'Persistent, "Steady increase", "High with drop", and "Fluctuated rise." Comparing the "Persistent low" type, the other three categories were all associated with older age, higher education. Furthermore, "Persistent low" was also negatively associated with resilience at baseline. Conclusion: The PTG of HCWs with different characteristics showed different trends over time. It is necessary to increase the measure frequency to understand the PTG status in different times. Improving HCW's resilience could help improve staff PTG.

Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Factors Associated With Increased COVID-19 Related Mortality Among Dialysis Patients

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) face higher risk for severe outcomes from COVID-19 infection. Moreover, it is not well known to which extent potentially modifiable risk factors contribute to mortality risk. In this study, we investigated the incidence and risk factors for 30-day case-fatality of COVID-19 in haemodialysis patients treated in the European Fresenius Medical Care (FMC) Nephrocare network. METHOD In this historical cohort study, we included unvaccinated adult dialysis patients with a first documented SARS-CoV-2 infection between 1 February 2020 and 31 March 2021 (study period) registered in the European Clinical Database (EuCliD®). The first SARS-CoV-2 suspicion date for all documented infections was considered the index date for the analysis. Patients were followed for up to 30 days. Follow-up time was defined from the index date until the date of death, end of follow-up period or lost to follow-up, whichever occurred first. We ascertained patients’ characteristics in the 6-month period prior to index date. We used logistic regression and XGBoost to assess risk factors for 30-day mortality. RESULTS We included 9211 patients meeting the inclusion criteria for the study (Table 1). Age was 65.4 ± 13.7 years, dialysis vintage was 4.2 ± 3.7 years. In the follow up period, 1912 patients died within 30 days (20.8%, 95% confidence interval: 19.9%–21.6%). Correlates of COVID-19 related mortality are summarized in Table 2. Several potentially modifiable factors were associated with increased risk of death: patients on HD compared with online haemodiafiltration had shorter survival after presentation with COVID-19 as well as those who did not achieve the therapeutic targets for serum albumin, erythropoietin resistance index, protein catabolic rate, haemodynamic status, C-reactive protein, single-pool Kt/V, hydration status and serum sodium in the months before infection. The discrimination accuracy of prediction models developed with XGBoost was similar to that observed for main-effect logistic regression (AUC 0.69 and 0.71, respectively) suggesting that no major cross-interaction and non-linear effect could improve prediction accuracy. CONCLUSION We observed high 30-day COVID-19 related mortality among unvaccinated dialysis patients. Older patients, men and those with greater comorbidities had higher risk of death after COVID-19 infection. Derangement in potentially modifiable factors in the 6 months prior to COVID-19 infection was independently associated with increased mortality. Whether achievement of clinical therapeutic targets is associated with improved survival after COVID-19 infection is a matter of further research.

Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines in a Large European Haemodialysis Cohort

BACKGROUND AND AIMS To date, no large-scale study has evaluated the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in hemodialysis patients. We sought to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infections and death in haemodialysis patients registered in the Fresenius Medical Care (FMC) Nephrocare network. METHOD In this historical, 1:1 matched cohort study, we analysed electronic health records (EHR) of individuals receiving in-center haemodialysis therapy in FMC European dialysis clinics from 1 December 2020, to 31 May 2021 (study period). For each vaccinated patient, an unvaccinated patient was selected among patients registered in the same country and attending a dialysis session within +/–3 days from the vaccination date. Matching without replacement was based on demographics, clinical characteristics, past COVID-19 infections and a risk score representing the local (dialysis centre) background risk of infection at each vaccination date. The infection risk score was calculated from an artificial Intelligence model predicting the risk of COVID-19 outbreak in each clinic over a 2-week prediction horizon. The infection risk score was based on trends in regional COVID-19 epidemic metrics, FMC COVID-19 reporting system and clinical practice patterns. The index date was the date of the first vaccination for the vaccinated and the matching treatment date for the unvaccinated controls. To overcome violation of the proportional hazard assumption, we estimated the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines in preventing infection and mortality rates as 1—hazard ratio estimated from a time-dependent extended Cox regression stratified by country and vaccine type. RESULTS We included 44 458 patients, 22 229 vaccinated and matched 22 229 unvaccinated. Distribution of covariates was balanced across study arms after matching (Figure 1A). In the effectiveness analysis on mRNA vaccines, we observed 850 SARS-CoV-2 infections and 201 COVID19-related deaths among the 28 110 patients (14 055 vaccinated and 14 055 unvaccinated) during a mean follow up time of 44 ± 40 days. In the effectiveness analysis of viral-vector vaccines, we observed 297 SARS-CoV-2 infections and 64 COVID19-related deaths among 12 888 patients (6444 vaccinated and 6444 unvaccinated) during a mean a follow-up time of 48 ± 32 days (Figure 1B). We observed 18.5/100 patient-year and 8.5/100 patient-year fewer infections and 5.4/100 patient-year and 5.2/100 patient-year fewer COVID-19-related deaths among patients vaccinated with mRNA and viral-vector vaccines respectively, as compared to matched unvaccinated controls. The effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines concerning both symptomatic infections and COVID-related death along the follow up period is shown in Figure 2. CONCLUSION In this matched, historical cohort study, we observed a strong reduction in both SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic infection and COVID-19-related death among dialysis patients receiving an mRNA vaccine. Despite seemingly less protective against symptomatic infections, we observed similar reduction in COVID-19 mortality rate among patients receiving a viral-carrier vaccine.FIGURE 1A: Forest Plot demonstrating covariate distribution balance between exposure groups. Effect Sizes calculated as Cohen's d or Cromer's Negative coefficient indicates that mean or relative frequency was greater among vaccinated patients. Effect Size 0.12 negligible Effect Size-0.1-0.2: small.FIGURE 1B: Absolute frequency and incidence density (95% confidence intervall of events across exposure groups.FIGURE 2: Effectiveness (1-HR) estimates by vaccine type concerning symptomatic, documented infection and COVID-19 related death. Estimates were obtained from extended, cox regression with time-varying covariate.

Ferroptosis in COVID-19-related liver injury: A potential mechanism and therapeutic target

The outbreak and worldwide spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been a threat to global public health. SARS-CoV-2 infection not only impacts the respiratory system but also causes hepatic injury. Ferroptosis, a distinct iron-dependent form of non-apoptotic cell death, has been investigated in various pathological conditions, such as cancer, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and liver diseases. However, whether ferroptosis takes part in the pathophysiological process of COVID-19-related liver injury has not been evaluated yet. This review highlights the pathological changes in COVID-19-related liver injury and presents ferroptosis as a potential mechanism in the pathological process. Ferroptosis, as a therapeutic target for COVID-19-related liver injury, is also discussed. Discoveries in these areas will improve our understanding of strategies to prevent and treat hepatic injuries caused by COVID-19.

Structural basis of a high-affinity antibody binding to glycoprotein region with consecutive glycosylation sites (preprint)

Consecutive glycosylation sites occur in both self and viral proteins. Glycan-shielding of underneath peptide region is a double-edged sword, that avoids immune attack to self-proteins, but helps viruses including HIV-1 and SARS-CoV2 to escape antibody binding. Here we report a high-affinity antibody, 16A, binding to linear peptide containing consecutive glycosylation sites. Co-crystallization of 16A Fab and glycopeptides with GalNAc modifications at different sites showed that STAPPAHG is the sequence recognized by 16A antibody. GalNAc modification at Threonine site on STAPPAHG sequence significantly increased the affinity of Fab binding by 30.6 fold (KD=6.7nM). The increased affinity is conferred by hydrophilic and pi-stacking interactions between the GalNAc residue on Threonine site and a Trp residue from the CDR1 region of the heavy chain. Furthermore, molecular modeling suggested that GalNAc on T site causes more favorable conformation for antibody binding. These results showed that glycan modification most proximal to linear peptide core epitope significantly increases antigenicity of a glycopeptide epitope. The antibody recognition mode by peptide-binding CDR groove with a glycan-binding edge, may shed light on designing of linear glycopeptide-based vaccines for cancer and viral diseases. Teaser A high-affinity antibody was found to bind densely glycosylated glycoprotein region by a peptide binding groove of the antibody’s variant region, with a glycan-binding edge specific to glycosylation site most proximal to core peptide epitope.

Molecular Epidemiology of Herpangina Children in Tongzhou District, Beijing, China, During 2019-2020

Background The changing pattern of pathogen spectrum causing herpangina in the time of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes on the molecular epidemiology of herpangina children during 2019-2020 in Tongzhou district, Beijing, China. Method From January 2019 to December 2020, children diagnosed with herpangina were recruited by the staff from Tongzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Beijing. Viral RNA extraction from pharyngeal swabs was used for enterovirus (EV) detection and the complete VP1 gene was sequenced. The phylogenetic analysis was performed based on all VP1 sequences for EV genotypes. Result A total of 1,331 herpangina children were identified during 2019-2020 with 1,121 in 2019 and 210 in 2020, respectively. The predominant epidemic peak of herpangina children was in summer and autumn of 2019, but not observed in 2020. Compared to the number of herpangina children reported in 2019, it decreased sharply in 2020. Among 129 samples tested in 2019, 61 (47.3%) children were detected with EV, while 22.5% (20/89) were positive in 2020. The positive rate for EV increased since June 2019, peaked at August 2019, and decreased continuously until February 2020. No cases were observed from February to July in 2020, and the positive rate of EV rebounded to previous level since August 2020. Four genotypes, including coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6, 9.3%), CV-A4 (7.8%), CV-A10 (2.3%) and CV-A16 (10.1%), were identified in 2019, and only three genotypes, including CV-A6 (9.0%), CV-A10 (6.7%) and CV-A16 (1.1%), were identified in 2020. The phylogenetic analysis showed that all CV-A6 strains from Tongzhou located in Group C, and the predominant strains mainly located in C2-C4 subgroups during 2016-2018 and changed into C1 subgroup during 2018-2020. CV-A16 strains mainly located in Group B, which consisting of strains widely distributed around the world. Conclusions The predominant genotypes gradually shifted from CV-A16, CV-A4 and CV-A6 in 2019 to CV-A6 in 2020 under COVID-19 pandemic. Genotype-based surveillance will provide robust evidence and facilitate the development of public health measures.

Epidemiological analysis of 26 COVID-19 cases at a designated hospital in Jinan city

Objective: To describe and analyze the epidemiological characteristics of patients with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) treated at a designated hospital in Jinan from 0:00, Jan. 23 to 12:00, Feb. 5, 2020.